The Mridangam is one of the most ancient and popular hand drums from South India. It is the principal percussion instrument in South Indian classical Carnatic music. The shell is made from the wood of the Jackfruit tree. The mridangam has two opposing heads, bass (thoppi) and pitched (valanthalai). Overall length is approximately 22-24 inches; the bass head is 7 1/2 - 8 1/4 inches in diameter and the pitched head is 6 1/4 - 7 1/2 inches in diameter. This drum is lace tuned. It functions as a solo instrument, as well as the primary percussion instrument in vocal and instrumental ensembles.

Sliver-thin reeds are inserted between the two layers of the pitched head to create a distinct, buzzed sound. A small dough paste is traditionally applied on the outside center of the bass head to achieve a low bass tone. Tuning pegs can be inserted under the straps to increase the pitch. When played, the drum is held horizontally, and played with the fingers and palms.